Pbx Hybrid Networks Essays - Telephone Exchanges, Avaya, Voicemail

Pbx Hybrid Networks Essays - Telephone Exchanges, Avaya, Voicemail Pbx Hybrid Networks PBX and Key/Hybrid Systems PBX and Key systems are the wave of communication for business everywhere. The key difference between PBX and Key/Hybrid systems are the amount of stations each can handle. Key systems are designed for clients with very small line size requirements and very basic needs. It usually handles between 16 to 48 stations. PBX systems on the other hand handle a lot more stations as well as more features and sophistication. PBX are designed for larger corporations and cost much more than a simple key system communication need. Another key advantage of PBX system is it allows for room for corporation growth over the years than that of a Key System or Hybrid system. An example of a PBX system and some of its features is the Fujitsu BCS Series 3:1 Model Series 3 Product Type Digital PBX FCC Registration Numbers (Key) BJ885Z-60084-KF-E; (Hybrid) BJ8USA-60083-MF-E (PBX) BJ8USA-75355-PF-E Date Announced July 1993 Number of Systems Installed Approximately 2,375 + Line Capacity 480 Port Capacity 588 Trunk Capacity 4 to 240 (dependent on # of lines configured) Simultaneous Calls Possible 294 Traffic Capacity (BHCAs) 10,000 Switching Matrix TDM Main System CPU Fujitsu proprietary 8-bit or 16-bit CPU H5H5 Component Redundancy Not available Amt. of Main System Memory 1.5MB ISDN Support PRI only (BRI not available) T-Carrier Support Direct T1 interface Wireless Support SpectraLink WTS Voice Messaging Support Fujitsu TranSend/TranSend Lite unified messaging platform; Fujitsu's IVS voice messaging platform; or various third-party voice mail solutions. H6H6 ACD Support Fujitsu Series 3 ACD; ACD Report Manager H7H7 Call Accounting Support Integrates with Fujitsu's Call Manager H8H8 PC Attendant Console Optional The features of the Fujitsu BCS Series 3 is what most would look at a well functioning PBX. The price rang of the phones of each line are between 300 and 500 dollars per line with a basic package of 6500 for the TransSend unified messaging platform. An example of a functioning Key/Hybrid System is the Lucent Merlin Legend. A couple features of this key system are:2 Digital key/hybrid/PBX/behind-Centrex system H2H2 Date Announced August 1991 Date Installed October 1991 FCC Registration Numbers KeyAS593M-72914-KF-E; multifunction hybridAS593M-72682-MF-E H3H3 Target Market Small- to medium-sized businesses General Specifications Digital Station Capacity 200 Line Capacity 80 Simultaneous Calls Possible 108 Switching Matrix Time division Type of Processor Centralized 68000 microprocessor Type/Amount of Main Memory (bytes) 896K RAM Port Capacity 280 As you can tell the system is can not handle as much as the PBX system but for small business the Merlin Legend is a perfect fit. The price of the key/hybrid system the basic Merlin Legend Release 7.0 module retails for US$1,494. As you can tell that is a steep difference in price between the two. In conclusion when comparing the key system and PBX you compromise the features and price. With the PBX of the Fujitsu you spend so much more money but you get a lot of different features as well as the ablility to grow and become a bigger corporation with larger features. The Key system just leaves you with the bare requirements for your small business

How to Use the Pomodoro Technique to Be More Productive [Infographic]

How to Use the Pomodoro Technique to Be More Productive [Infographic] Although we all wish magic fairies would swoop in and finish tasks for us while we wasted the day away on Twitter or  Ã‚  ran all our errands, it’s not going to happen.  The secret to getting your work done? DO it. Really. You have to buckle down and commit focused time to getting stuff done. We understand it’s hard to organize your thoughts and time. The answer is to train yourself and your brain to do work in chunks by using the Pomodoro Technique. Check out this method below, and apply it the next time you find yourself doing everything  else in the world besides  your work.

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Socrates - Essay Example society must ensure the practice of religion should not endanger the lives of other individuals, including keeping peace and order among its inhabitant (Quinodoz 235). Likewise, Socrates adheres to Freud’s concept of man’s nature (Quinodoz 235). Man’s nature includes the primary desire to kill. Preventing the person from killing the enemy soldier during war will make the person very sad. The person is sad because a living enemy will have a chance to kill the person. With a dead enemy, the person has more chances for survival. However, society will not grant man the authority to kill anyone except for self defense reasons as law enforcers or soldiers. Sometimes, drivers want to kill another driver for bumping and damaging the car during busy traffic situations (Drassinower 156). Socrates’ inquiry method makes each inquisitive person understand why society is preventing man’s nature from being freely implemented. Further, Socrates adheres to the Freud’s concept of man’s nature primary desire to have sex. A person who has sex with another person, especially of the opposite gender, makes the person happy. Preventing such person from having sex will make the person unhappy. Socrates’ inquiry method makes each inquisitive person understand why society is preventing man’s normal desire to have sex (Quinodoz 235). Furthermore, Socrates will adhere to Freud’s espousing society institutes laws to prevent people from becoming happy. The states’ instituting laws that prevent the person from killing one’s enemies, the society is directly making the person unhappy. Society institutes laws in order to keep order in society. The laws institute a justice system. The law requires that all criminals shall be brought to justice. Consequently, justice courts will try the cases. Both accusers and the suspected criminals will present their evidences to the court jury and judge. The courts will decide whether the suspect is guilty of the crime of not. When

SYNTHESIS MATRIX about the dangers of smoking Assignment

SYNTHESIS MATRIX about the dangers of smoking - Assignment Example Preventive Medicine, 52 (6), 428-433. Shahid, K. & Elahi, R. (October 19, 2011). Effect of Smoking on Total Serum Cholesterol Level: An investigation of the association between Smoking and Total Serum Cholesterol level from District Peshawar, Pakistan Paperback. United Kingdom: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. The researcher find that some company do not associate with smoker due to the issue of insurance and the nature of the insurance they provide to their worker has a certain limit of money to be provided, higher than for that person suffering from smoking problems The researchers figured out that those children whose mothers used to smoke at the time of pregnancy experienced the issue of shorter height as well as smaller circumference of the head and other abnormalities for as long as 4 years since the time they were born. The researchers figured that a pregnant woman uses a lot of energy during pregnant period and hence smoking dehydrates the body, leading to abnormal functioning of the body tissue and hence affecting pregnancy at

Water Is Invaluable Essay Example for Free

Water Is Invaluable Essay â€Å"Water is the driving force in nature.† The importance and beauty of water in our body There are many benefits water could offer to our body: It can give us healthy skin Our skin is always hungry for water and we must always provide it in order for it not to be looking dry, dull and no life. Water has proven that it can remove lines on our skin because if you feed your skin with water, it now hydrated and if it is hydrated, the cells will be awakened and will look young and radiant. That is why people who’d rink plenty of water have a radiant and glowing skin. It even made them younger looking. If you also want to correct your complexion, drink plenty of water. It will not change your complexion suddenly but it will make it even that will look even better. Water could also brighten our eyes and can avoid us from looking tired and exhausted. A simple cold compression could decrease eye inflammation brought by fatigue, lack of sleep and eye strain due to work. Make it a habit that every night you must cold compress your eyes in order for you to look fresh and radiant all the time. It can help us achieve a healthy body One reason that a person looks fat and heavy is mainly because of water retention brought by the foods they eat most especially salty and junk foods. Water accumulates in the certain parts of their body and would form a cellulite which is not good to look at. So, if you want to minimize cellulites and extra weight, avoid eating salty instead, drink plenty of water because you may still excrete it. Soaking in a hot bath or having a hot shower could lead to a better and  relaxing sleep as well because it relaxes our nerves and system that will lead to a good night’s sleep. Improves hair Drinking enough water could improve dryness of the hair because it could add to the hair moisture. Due to too much pollution, dust and humidity, we cannot really avoid that we could get a dry and coarse hair. But with the help of water, our hair could still improve its shininess and texture. It could contribute to a better digestion Drinking a lot of water could facilitate a good digestion which will lead to a normal bowel elimination. A normal bowel elimination considered to be healthy because you take out all the toxins and bad bacteria in our body. Now, you have discovered the beauty and importance of water in our lives. Starting now, we should not take for granted water because it could really work wonders for us and could contribute to the total wellness of our body. It could really make a difference in our lives because it works beautifully.

Les Miserables Essay -- essays research papers

In his novel, Les Miserables, author Victor Hugo makes a strong statement about society being the cause for evil in man. Les Miserables is based on a poor man, Jean Valjean, who was arrested for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his sister’s starving baby. Valjean is sentenced to 20 years for his crime, and, when he is released, he is shunned for his past, which he has more than paid for. Society turns him out at every turn for his past crime, and will hear no excuses for his deed. With this scenario, Hugo shows the cruelty of a â€Å"civilized† world that would cause a man to suffer unending prejudice for stealing a single loaf of bread to feed a small child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the ill treatment continues, Valjean becomes more and more bitter toward society. He probably would have been pushed too far, and would have lashed out against his aggressors, if he had not been shown kindness by the church. Valjean was taken in by a kindly Bishop, who fed him and offered him a place to stay. Valjean, however, had already fallen partially from the light of reason and when all the others were asleep he stole the silver dinner ware and fled into the night. This act again can be blamed on society for Valjean, realizing that because of his criminal record he would probably never again be able to obtain a job and support himself, saw stealing the silverware as his only choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Had he not been caught and returned to the Bishop, Valjean probably woul... Les Miserables Essay -- essays research papers In his novel, Les Miserables, author Victor Hugo makes a strong statement about society being the cause for evil in man. Les Miserables is based on a poor man, Jean Valjean, who was arrested for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his sister’s starving baby. Valjean is sentenced to 20 years for his crime, and, when he is released, he is shunned for his past, which he has more than paid for. Society turns him out at every turn for his past crime, and will hear no excuses for his deed. With this scenario, Hugo shows the cruelty of a â€Å"civilized† world that would cause a man to suffer unending prejudice for stealing a single loaf of bread to feed a small child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the ill treatment continues, Valjean becomes more and more bitter toward society. He probably would have been pushed too far, and would have lashed out against his aggressors, if he had not been shown kindness by the church. Valjean was taken in by a kindly Bishop, who fed him and offered him a place to stay. Valjean, however, had already fallen partially from the light of reason and when all the others were asleep he stole the silver dinner ware and fled into the night. This act again can be blamed on society for Valjean, realizing that because of his criminal record he would probably never again be able to obtain a job and support himself, saw stealing the silverware as his only choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Had he not been caught and returned to the Bishop, Valjean probably woul...

Market Selection and Entry Mode

MCristal Cristal Corporation International Marketing Executive Summary This report analyses how Cristal Corporation chose the United Kingdom as its European lauchpad for its MCristal mobile phone. MCristal phones use the Near Field Technology (NFC) to enable cashless money transaction. Cristal Corporation chose to do a Strategic Alliance with T-mobile to overcome some amount of foreign market hurdles. The company also needs to partner with large retail chains like Tesco, Aldi, and with the airline companies etc. to invest in NFC interface machines. The report also analyses the company’s marketing mix of product, price, promotion and place. Table of Content Introduction In today’s world of highly paced environment with a constant need to be in the frontline of technological advances, owing the newest mobile phones with the latest features is a must have that people line up for hours to get. The product that I am going to introduce is currently focused and available in Japan with European countries and USA trying hard to replicate the same success in their own countries. The name of the product is the M-Pay enabled Cristal mobile phones, simply called MCristal. The product, although based on the use of real technology, is fictional. M-Pay uses the Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The NFC works with short range frequency that gives a signal from, in this case, the customers mobile phone to another terminal (3). With this technology, via M-Pay, one can pay for goods and services cashlessly, by MCristal. The mobile phone will have a chip inserted in it that will store debit card, credit card information and/or prepaid voucher card on it. It will have a ? 200 pounds per transaction limit. You could use the mobile phone to pay for wide range of purposes from paying for groceries to paying for a plane ticket. All one will have to do is, touch the mobile phone on the cash-less payment point, insert a four digit personal pin number on the mobile phone to approve and complete the transaction. (2) The idea behind the creation of the MCristal is that there is a higher chance of leaving your wallet behind than your cell phone. This product from the fictional Japanese technology giant: Cristal Corporation. This company, founded in the 1979 has grown rapidly into one of the forerunners of technology in the 21st century. Not only has it invented technology to ease the everyday life of individuals but it also uses new technology to create new software and new products. Its cell phone range, with its latest features, rival that of Sharp and Panasonic in Japan. It now wants to introduce its range of MCristal phones in the European Market. This report will analyse which country Cristal Corporation should focus on launching its phones, how it should enter the market and how it should handle its marketing mix. Country Selection {draw:frame} {draw:rect} Stage One: All countries Since the company Cristal Corporation wants to introduce its MCristal phone in Europe, we start with a list of all the 27 member states of the European Union. Out of these countries, we will narrow it down to those countries that have a mobile cell subscription of more than 10,000,000, whose per capita income is more than $30,000 a year and whose urban population is more than 5,000,000. Stage Two: Priliminary screening: Macro Analysis After narrowing it down, we are left with 8 countries: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (Appendix). At this stage, we should do a preliminary screening taking into account the macro criteria of social, legal, political, economic, technological and environmental influences on the outcome. Below is the ideal pestle for the ideal country. Ideal Pestle for the Ideal country Social: The country that we are focusing on should have a high materialistic culture where individuals attach values to products and where people are perceived to have a higher status due to the products they own. The country should also have a large demographic in the range of 16-60. Legal: While looking into the legal aspect of the country, we should look into the various local domestic, international and home domestic laws. Domestic laws: Since the company is trying to penetrate a new country and also going for a strategic alliance with another company, there may exist potential legal problems. The potential country thus shouldn’t have high level of bureaucratism and red tapism as we would want to move in efficiently and with the least time wasted. Also, the local laws shouldn’t ban or discourage new entrants into their country thus overprotecting their own telecommunication industry and the local companies in that industry. International Laws: Since the company wants to penetrate into the European market, it will have to follow the norms and laws set aside by the European Union and will have to abide by any quotas or restrictions imposed. Besides quantity laws, it will have to follow the quality laws as well. Home Country laws: Besides these two, the company will have to also follow laws set by it’s home country. There may be cases where the home country may ban the company from entering a country due to the instability of the said European country. Other than that, the home country will also have its own quality standards, allowed export quantity, price allocation etc. which will have to be followed by the company. Political: The company should focus on those countries that have had a stable government continuously over the years. The company also requires the country to be a democratic country, leaning more towards capitalism than socialism. Economic: The country that the company should focus on should have a high GDP (of over $30,000). This is necessary in order for the individuals to pay for the MCristal Phone. Technological: The country should use a high level of technological advanced/innovated products in its daily life. Environmental influences: The target country should be a developed country with a high level of infrastructural facility. Majority of the population should live in urban areas. As this company needs to work with various different types businesses ranging from grocery stores to transportation companies and to develop cashless transaction points, there is a need for high infrastructure availability in the country. Taking these factors into consideration, we preliminary screen the countries using the Risk analysis table below. 1=Low; 2=Some/Little; 3=Medium; 4= Risky; 5=Very Risky Stage 3: Weighted Environment Criteria After elimination in stage two, we are left with France, Germany, Italy, Netherland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In this stage, we now assign weights to certain environmental criteria. The Criteria that we have chosen are a) Advancement in Telecommunication b) Market share of the top mobile service provider. Advancement in telecommunication is important as, being a new product and using a new technology, to implement that into a new country there should exist already established norms and standards in telecommunication. The company will have to collaborate with (at least at the beginning) with one service provider. Thus, there is a need for the top network service provider in the country to have a large market share. ,2,3,4,6 = Ranks 1,2,3,4,5,6= Ranks Stage 4: Final Selection Criteria From the previous stage, we are left with France, Italy and the United Kingdom. We have eliminated Germany, Netherland and Sweden because although the country may be good at a certain factor, it was found to be lacking at the other factor and for this company to be successfully established in a country, there nee ds to be a balance between the two factors. In this stage, we shall eliminate based on the demand for high technology mobile phones. Thus, the ranked preference of the country to enter is: United Kingdom France Market Entry Mode As the company needs to partner with a mobile network service provider, it will consider those entry modes which offer an affiliation with another company. Thus, we have identified three possible modes of entry. These are Joint Venture, Strategic Alliance, and Merger and Acquisition. The chart below shows the criteria of judgement for these three modes of entry. 1,2,3 are the ranks From the above table, we can see that there exists a tie between Joint Venture and Strategic Alliance. The company will choose the Strategic alliance. The biggest mobile network provider for the United Kingdom is T-mobile (4) with total number of subscribers more than 32 million. A strategic alliance between Cristal Corporation and T-mobile will open up the existing customer base of T-mobile for Cristal Corporation’s advantage. Marketing Mix Product: The M-Pay enabled Cristal Phone is the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. This product provides a platform for mobile payment facility for various entities like at grocery stores, for airline tickets, train tickets etc. At a later stage, the technology may be adapted to remove the necessity of even buying tickets etc. Product Adaptation: The mobile phone and the M-Pay device will be in English language and not in Japanese so that the customers can use the product efficiently. Assessing Product suitability: Competive advantage: Since the product doesn’t have any competitors at present, it will gain monopolistic advantage. Market Acceptance: The product combines already available technology in a new form. United Kingdom, being high on the materialist factor, will at least give the product a try. Also, since it is high the materialistic factor, individuals have the want to own the newest technology products like the MCristal phone. Profit Potential: The sale of the phone plus the 1% commission charged on using the M-Payment will be the main profit making avenue for the product. Further investment: The company needs to invest in NCF interfaces for major chains of supermarkets, airlines, train etc. There is a possibility of sharing the cost of installing the NCF interfaces with the other companies as it is for the benefit of both. Managing International Products: Packaging: The MCristal Phone will come in a white box with blue borders. In the middle, there will be plastic see-through covering through which you can see the cell phone inside. The packaging will have the Cristal Corporation logo on the top left hand corner with the words MCristal under it. On the back of the box, specifications of the product will be mentioned. On all four sides of the box, the name of the product, the version of the product will be mentioned in black. The material used will be 100% recyclable cardboard which will be glossed over to give a shine. The separators inside the box will be made of 100% recyclable plastic too. Image, branding and positioning The image of a brand or product is different from one country, one group, one segment to the other. The following discusses the image of the M-Pay Cristal phone. Country of origin effects Since the country of origin is Japan, which is considered as a highly techonogized country in the world, the perception of the product is favourable. Moreover, a lot of new technology comes from Japan and is introduced to the rest of the world. Thus, even the stereotypical outlook of Japan is favourable for Cristal Corporation. Product Image: The product, being a cell phone with the latest in technology i. e. the M-Pay facility, using the NCF technology will have a good product image. Company Image: The company, a pioneer of different technologies has a sound company image the world over. Thus, any new product introduced by it will have a good image. Brand Category: The product is a mixture of an attribute brand and an aspirational brand. Attribute brand: Not only will the product set itself aside from other mobile phones, it will also create a platform for the company to release its line of mobile phones in UK. This particular product is centred mainly around the M-Payment facility. Aspirational Brand: Since this is a new concept there is a positive, even a curious image created in the minds of the people. The product is a status product. Owning the product will create or make people be perceived as a part of a different, higher social status. Place: The product is manufactured in Cristal Corporation manufacturing factory, Beijing Wang Mobile Communications, in Beijing, China. This factory is responsible for the design, sourcing, research and development of the Cristal mobile phones. Once manufactured, the product will be flown to London where it will be stored at one of Cristal Corporations intermediary’s’ units. Here, the product will be sorted into different groups depending on where in the UK it is being sent. Besides London, the product will be flown to Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Sheffield, Bradford, Liverpool, Edinburgh and Manchester. Thus, it is important for the company to attain an intermediary who has storage units in these cities. From the city intermediary’s storage unit, the product will be distributed to the T-mobile stores and to the stores that sell T-mobile network facilities. Promotion: The target audience of the product are those individuals who are between the age of 18 and 60. This segment represents the active wage earning segment and thus will be able to afford the mobile phone. These people lead a university or a working lifestyle and thus will be the ones who purchase grocery, airline tickets etc. the most. The main objective of the Cristal Campaign will be to identify new customers, further increase the value of the brand image and to help establish the product. The media strategy to be used should be a combination of advertisement, sales promotion, sponsorship and public relation. The advertisement should be youth oriented, showing the ease of payment through the MCristal. International celebrities that have a major appeal to the youth and the older part of the market segment should be contracted. A celebrity like Penelope Cruz would fit the bill here. T-mobile and Cristal Corporation could introduce a special price or a special promotion where for example, the first 1000 purchasers will get 1000 texts free and 1000 minutes free. T-mobile and Cristal Corporation can also sponsor charitable events like for Breast Cancer research etc. o that a social responsive side is developed for the brand. It should also sponsor events like football matches so that their name and logo is well displayed, attracting attention from individuals. Pricing Strategy: The MCristal will be introduced under two different price ranges: If the customer is out rightly buying the handset and using the T-mobile pay as you go network service, the price of MCristal will be for ? 185. Although there aren’t any real competitors in this field as yet, the high end mobile phone companies can be considered as a competition. The Blackberry Bold 9750 costs ? 35 pounds a month and the Sony Ericsson Statio costs ? 30 a month. The Nokia 5800 costs ? 195 to buy outrightly. Thus we see that the MCristal is in the same price range as the latest T-mobile phones. Recommendation and conclusion Although penetrating the market with this type of a new technology may be a challenge, it being time consuming with large initial investment in NCF interface machines, in the long run, the potential profits to be reaped from this are too high to be ignored. This technological innovative product could majorly replace the use of cash in the day to day life of individuals. However, since the technology isn’t patented to Cristal Corporation, it may be easy for other companies to replicate the work of MCristal thus reducing the monopolistic advantage that it had in the beginning. Thus, the company should create advantages wherever it sees them from the beginning of its entry into the United Kingdom.

No development without Security Essay

Discuss this statement. In 2005, Kofi Annan, former United Nations General, made the memorable statement that there could be ‘no development without security, and no security without development’. This sparked a debate among multilateral agencies, governments and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) about the effectiveness and targeting of international aid. Kofi Annan and the UN observed that violent conflict, poor governance and human development, for example reducing poverty and improving education, were interconnected. As well as this, they found that progress towards human development is impossible with political instability and poor governance but at the same time, areas of deprivation and poverty create fear within communities that allows terrorism, civil war and crime to erupt. During the past decade multilateral agencies, such as the UN, the World Bank and major donor governments have acknowledged that peace, political stability and good governance are required in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) for development. In Sub-Saharan Africa civil wars and regional conflicts have prevented progress because the resources that should have been devoted to development have in fact been lost through armed conflict. An example of this is Somalia, in east Africa with a Human Development Index of just 0. 284, where 20 years of civil war has created lawlessness, anarchy and a state without an official government, since 1991. Islamic insurgents including the Al-Shabaab group, with an estimated 14,000 militants and connections to Al-Qaeda, have controlled much of southern Somalia since 2008. Piracy on the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Somalia, is also a major problem in progress towards development. Dozens of foreign ships bearing food aid have been waylaid and about 10 billion dollars has been collected through piracy in ransom money and cargo value. This situation, affecting much of the coast surrounding Somalia, has prevented development from trade and foreign investment with an estimated 1. 25 billion dollars lost through potential trade opportunities. In contrast, the self-proclaimed state of Somaliland to the north of Somalia is having a construction boom. As well as this, the area has low crime rates and low fear of violence mainly due to greater group homogeneity but also because the port of Berbara, on the coast of Somaliland does not suffer from piracy so foreign aid is able to enter the country and hence development has occurred. Also, population structures within a country can impact upon the rate of development. In the past 40 years, 80 per cent of civil conflict outbreaks have occurred in countries with more than 60 per cent of the population under the age of 30. Many of these countries have been faced with autocratic governments, where life expectancies are, on average, 9 years less than democratically governed countries and infant mortality rates are 25 per cent higher than in democracies. However as these countries, with youthful populations, advance along the demographic transition, with declining birth and death rates, their vulnerability to civil conflict decreases due to lower dependency ratios and in turn a greater proportion of population at working age which allows for greater personal savings and government spending. A youthful population can be a tremendous advantage to society if they are educated, healthy and living in a safe world. This means that there will be many potential workers for the future, paying taxes, but most of these countries lack adequate economic capabilities to realise this potential. Afghanistan, in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), has a population of 31. 9 million, a total fertility rate of 6. 8 and 45 per cent of the population under the age of 15. This is has been mainly due to the fact that educational and career opportunities were non-existent, before 1980, and it was seen that women should stay at home which has dramatically influenced the demographic and economic situation of the country. Although, some development has started to take place with improvements in health care, small rural schemes, such as drainage systems and health clinics, being built through the National Solidarity Programme and a Hydro Electric Power turbine setup in the Helmand region which produces 33 megawatts of electricity annually. Inadequate and unequal human development is also a cause of political instability as well as an outcome. Poverty, hunger, poor health and education and oppression can create popular resentment towards governments. Where these problems coincide with separatist tendencies, the result may be armed conflict and civil war. Hence, it is argued that to achieve security and peace human development issues must have priority. In many countries some development can take place without security but this can also be observed at a smaller scale. On a local scale, it is often believed that without security of land tenure, housing will not develop. The huge pace of urbanisation in LEDCs has shown that large areas of previously empty land have been overrun by the development of poor, informal housing. In Bangalore, over 50 per cent of informal, slum housing, greater than 6km from the city centre is not ‘declared’ and there is no security of tenure, yet the residents continue to build. This shows that they are rarely willing to invest into housing that is anything more than semi-permanent without the security of being able to make sure they remain. In Mumbai, 90,000 of these dwellings were destroyed and 300,000 people were left homeless. Although, in areas such as Rochina in Sao Paulo, the opposite can occur. Here, one area within the country received granting for some security has resulted in development. Buildings are now being built with bricks rather than wood, roofs have tiles instead of corrugated iron and sewage systems have been installed. The continued development of the area is reliant on further improvements in security. While multilateral organisations and many world leaders believe that development can only be effective with security and security can only be achieved with development, some objections are still present. Some NGOs fear that this belief will encourage governments in LEDCs to divert international development aid to military spending to defeat separatist groups and crack down on political opposition. This in turn could escalate conflict, violate human rights and set back the whole development process.

Examining a Business Failure

Examining a Business Failure Free Online Research Papers When a business fails the causes can be wide ranging, from poor management decisions, to a downturn in the economy, to not enough cash flow, to not able to compete with larger rivals, to name a few. However, when the reason a business fails is due to something like greed then a business failure takes on a whole new meaning. Tyco Corporation and Taxes Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski was not the first member of corporate America to get a little greedy, and he will not be the last. However, Mr. Kozlowski made a decision that proved to be one that cost not only him his job, but cost his company its reputation, its stockholders and stakeholders their money and trust, its board and some employees of Tyco their jobs, and the public their trust in the once good name of the company he represented. So why did Mr. Kozlowski do this, because he and other people who surrounded him at Tyco thought they could cheat the United States Government out of millions of dollars in Federal Taxes, no, plain and simple it was greed. According to reports in 2002 Mr. Kozlowski’s downfall came when some irregular transactions came to the attention of the New York State Banking Department dealing with transfers into the bank account of a high-end art dealer over the period of a few short days. These transfers, in the seven figure dollar range, lead them to Mr. Kozlowski and the Tyco investigation began to unravel from there. What was eventually discovered was Mr. Kozlowski’s ability to avoid paying over $13 million in New York State and City taxes, and Tyco’s ability to set itself up as a corporation based in tax friendly Bermuda with offshoots in Barbados, the Cayman Islands, and Jersey, in order to slash its 2001 tax bill by $600 million. Tyco made the game of finding new ways of avoiding paying taxes into a new art form, according to some before the house of cards came tumbling down and the Security and Exchange Commission caught up with Mr. Kozlowski and his co-conspirators. What Could Have Been Done The public might never truly know what occurred behind the scenes at Tyco during Mr. Kozlowski’s reign. One can only surmise from reports that have been published that Tyco’s Board of Directors and upper level management knew what was occurring in regard to the creative ways that taxes were avoiding being paid. However, because no one stepped up and said anything, or so the public knows, or did anything before the New York State Banking Commission and the Security and Exchange Commission became involved, one can surmise that this behavior was condoned and therefore, approved. If there had been a member or members of the Board of Directors or upper management willing to take or assume a leadership role or even play the part of whistleblower perhaps the fiasco that became the mess at Tyco could have been stopped long before 2002. There might have been someone who tried and was either stopped in his or her tracks, perhaps threatened with legal action or fired, the public might never know. But internal procedures should have been in place and someone should have stepped up and said that the company should be paying its tax obligation to the United States Government. The company had moved its headquarters to Bermuda in 1997, someone should have said or done something then, perhaps this all or some of it could have been avoided. In the case of Mr. Kozlowski’s personal tax issues, the Board of Directors and upper management cannot be responsible for its CEO’s lack of personal ethics, but most companies do have some sort of clause in the contract up per management signs in regard to conduct. One would believe that Mr. Kozlowski’s personal tax filings would fall under such a clause, and would also have to be scrutinized each year for irregularities. Perhaps if such a clause is not part of these contracts companies might want to consider making them part of them, to avoid just such a scenario as Mr. Kozlowski’s. Conclusion Tyco’s failure as a business was not due to a downturn in the economy or a cash flow problem, but something else entirely. It was due to greed, and the wish to do anything possible to avoid paying taxes to the United States Government. If not for one pair of sharp eyes noticing some odd banking transactions, the Tyco Corporation’s tax evasion scheme might still be going unnoticed today. References Byrnes, N. (2002, December 23). The Hunch That Led to Tyco’s Tumble. Business Week Online Byrnes, N., Brady, D. (2002, February 4). What to Look for in Tyco’s Numbers. Business Week Online Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J. B., Goshal, S. (2003). Organization. In The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts, Cases, Global 4th Edition (pp. 207-241). : Prentice Hall. Symonds, W. C., Smith, G. (2002, July 1). The Tax Games Tyco Played. Business Week Online Research Papers on Examining a Business FailureThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Free Essays on Gender Differences

When each of us was in our mother’s womb and shortly after we were conceived we did not have anything or anyone influencing the way we acted. After birth within a couple of months, although we do not remember but we can observe, our fathers and mothers were bearing an influence on our lives. While we were growing up and still to this day our surroundings influenced the way we think and behaved in our daily lives. We know people who are different in many ways and people who are similar to us in many ways. These differences and similarities take on different characteristics some are more subtle and some are very out right noticeable. However, for each individual the differences and similarities from one person to the next are going to vary in different ways. People all have relationships and these relations are how we identify with our friends and other people. One of the most noticeable characteristics between all people is the fact that some are male and some are female. On th e other hand the masculine and feminine traits in people are not nearly as noticeable even though all people show characteristics of both. The differences in males and females to most people are obvious; their biology is different causing them to have different sexual traits. They have different organs and different chemicals that make a man a male and a woman a female. However, biology is not selective within one generation and does not choose the characteristics males and females portray throughout their lives. I say one generation because an example of color blindness is brought up on page 16, but this is a random selection of one generation to the next generation in males. Also, some characteristics are learned and some are instinctive. I believe that much of society has played a role in what the male and the female so-called identities are today. An outrageous example being that the female is to stay at home with the kids and the male is to go off to work an... Free Essays on Gender Differences Free Essays on Gender Differences When each of us was in our mother’s womb and shortly after we were conceived we did not have anything or anyone influencing the way we acted. After birth within a couple of months, although we do not remember but we can observe, our fathers and mothers were bearing an influence on our lives. While we were growing up and still to this day our surroundings influenced the way we think and behaved in our daily lives. We know people who are different in many ways and people who are similar to us in many ways. These differences and similarities take on different characteristics some are more subtle and some are very out right noticeable. However, for each individual the differences and similarities from one person to the next are going to vary in different ways. People all have relationships and these relations are how we identify with our friends and other people. One of the most noticeable characteristics between all people is the fact that some are male and some are female. On th e other hand the masculine and feminine traits in people are not nearly as noticeable even though all people show characteristics of both. The differences in males and females to most people are obvious; their biology is different causing them to have different sexual traits. They have different organs and different chemicals that make a man a male and a woman a female. However, biology is not selective within one generation and does not choose the characteristics males and females portray throughout their lives. I say one generation because an example of color blindness is brought up on page 16, but this is a random selection of one generation to the next generation in males. Also, some characteristics are learned and some are instinctive. I believe that much of society has played a role in what the male and the female so-called identities are today. An outrageous example being that the female is to stay at home with the kids and the male is to go off to work an...

World literature Eng 225 Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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